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Politics~Southern Africa~~~4796~4797~%3Cbr%3ESouthern Africa politics. Colonization & independence, terrorism, freedom fighters, armed struggle .~
Africa will always break your heart! - Gert Hugo~Gerrie Hugo was born in South Africa and grew up in this country during the years of Apartheid. As the middle son of a non-commissioned army officer, he soaked up the military mindset in hardcore training camps, such as Oudtshoorn and Bloemfontein. Preparing for battle against the Rooi Gevaar (Red Peril) and the Swart Gevaar (Black Peril) he was determined to save his country. As a colonel in the military he played a role in the ‘border war’ conducted in Angola and Namibia as well as the low intensity war waged within the boundaries of South Africa. Faced with the corruption and lies fed to military and civilian people, Hugo finally lost his blinkers and became disillusioned with the system he was fighting for. During the critical years of transition towards the New South Africa the truth dawned upon him — the ‘enemy’ was not at the borders of his beloved country, but within the very military system he had trusted all his life.
ISBN-13 9781920169367 Hardback
ISBN-13 9781920169329 Paperback
Jan 2007. 259 pages.~JDP Publishing
ISBN-13 9781920169367 Hardback
ISBN-13 9781920169329 Paperback
Jan 2007
259 pages, hardcover
Gerrie Hugo was born in South Africa and grew up in this country during the years of Apartheid. As the middle son of a non-commissioned army officer, he soaked up the military mindset in hardcore training camps, such as Oudtshoorn and Bloemfontein. Preparing for battle against the Rooi Gevaar (Red Peril) and the Swart Gevaar (Black Peril) he was determined to save his country. Rising to Colonel in the South African Defence Force, he played a role in the 'border war' conducted in Angola and Namibia as well as the low intensity war waged within the boundaries of South Africa.
Faced with the corruption and lies fed to military and civilian people, Hugo finally lost his blinkers and became disillusioned with the system he was fighting for. During the critical years of transition towards the New South Africa the truth dawned upon him - the 'enemy' was not at the borders of his beloved country, but within the very military system he had trusted all his life. He took his evidence to the media, knowing the consequences would be severe and that he would be met by mistrust. He lost his job and his pension, spent time penniless on the streets.
In this book he presents firsthand information regarding the 'Third Force' that threatened to destroy South Africa. An issue that to this day has neither been accepted nor resolved in a country vulnerable to forces from all sides.
In this brutally honest telling of the death and deceit that pre-empted the South African transition, he targets the country's deepest hypocrisies: the 'Christian lifestyle,' the Nationalist society and white supremacy.
Ruthlessly he sheds light on the hidden shames of:
taboo sex
growing up with racial divides
the Dutch Reformed Church's role in advocating the fight against communism and fuelling the national paranoia
the migrant labour system and bantustans.
Today Gerrie Hugo lives in Sweden, where he's building a new life for himself together with his family. Vindicated by the international media, his story is now proven true by reports emerging from the new dispensation. Hugo is married to a Swede, who worked for the Swedish Anti-Apartheid movement in Angola and Namibia at the time he was launching attacks on the same countries.
This is a tale of courage and deceit. Hugo tells it as it was, his hallmark is brutal honesty - the only way towards the truth.
Elma Pollard - Cape Town
NOTE from the publisher
This book by Gerrie Hugo has generated a storm of controversy, but the criticism of the book has come primarily from those who have not read it. A number of people who have actually read the book have commented that it is a delight to read and that the author writes speaks with an authentic voice about the situations and times that he experienced. This book is well worth a read, even if only so that you can make your own mind up about the content.~Africa will always break your heart! (Hardback)|ISBN-13 9781920169367|Africa will always break your heart! (Paperback)|ISBN-13 9781920169329|~4796~11336~MI ANC SANDF SADF South Africa army~
A Diplomat's Story: Apartheid and Beyond 1969-1998 - Pieter Wolvaardt~Pieter Wolvaardt joined the South African Department of Foreign Affairs in 1969 as a raw Afrikaans youngster. He served his apprenticeship at home in the Union Buildings and as a junior diplomat in Brazil from 1970 to 1973. He went through the thick of the apartheid days when the world ignored South Africa and most countries cut ties, officially defending the indefensible but all the time knowing that apartheid was wrong. After spells in London and Lisbon he found himself back in Pretoria on the South American desk just in time for the 1982 Falklands War between Great Britain and Argentina. He takes us into the time when South Africa was performing a balancing act between those two countries and going through all manner of difficulties in the process. In 1986, while serving as ambassador in Buenos Aires, he was expelled from the country after the SADF mounted simultaneous raids against ANC installations in Botswana , Zimbabwe and Zambia . From 1986 to 1990 he was back in Brazil. In 1994 President Nelson Mandela appointed him as South Africa 's first Ambassador to Mexico . He retired after a successful career with the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1998.
ISBN 1-919854-15-0. Paperback, 336pp; size 242 X 168mm, 32pp of black and white and colour pics, map.~ISBN 1-919854-15-0
Paperback, 336pp; size 242 X 168mm
32pp of black and white and colour pics, map.
Pieter Wolvaardt's
29-year career as a diplomat in the Department of Foreign Affairs ran from 1969 to 1998. In these recollections he deals with the age-old dilemma that all South African diplomats had to contend with, namely working around morally questionable government policies.
His introduction to overseas service was in the exotic city of Rio de Janeiro . From there he was posted to London where activists demonstrating outside South Africa House were a constant reminder of the world's abhorrence of apartheid. He moved to Lisbon where he became engaged in efforts to gain the freedom of a South African POW in Angolan hands. All his postings afterwards, with the exception of occasional spells in Pretoria , were in Latin America - a continent he became a specialist in.
He writes how Eddie Dunn, South Africa 's Ambassador to El Salvador , was kidnapped and murdered by leftist guerrillas despite major efforts to effect his release. He was the only South African diplomat ever to have suffered this fate.
In the apartheid days the government gave orders for the favela (slum) areas in Rio , mostly occupied by black Brazilians, to be secretly photographed. The bizarre idea was for them to be produced at the UN as a counter to Brazil 's attacks on South Africa 's racial policies. The move was abandoned when it was pointed out that this would probably result in Brazil severing diplomatic relations with South Africa . Other odd political situations arose like when South Africa was falling over backwards in its efforts to normalise relations with Brazil , but it refused to allow Pele - arguably the most prominent soccer player in the world - to play football in the country because he was black.
In the late 60s moves were made to establish a South Atlantic Pact involving the South African, Brazilian and Argentinian navies. This had to be abandoned after a world-wide uproar about South Africa 's apartheid policies.
War broke out between Britain and Argentina on 2 April 1982 over the latter's invasion of the Falkland Islands . The author was on the Latin American desk in Pretoria and he dealt with the crisis on a daily basis. South Africa adopted a neutral stance - much of it concerning the British use or otherwise of the Simon's Town naval base. He reveals for the first time the inside story of how South Africa battled to maintain that neutrality.
In May 1986 when he was South Africa 's Head of Mission in Buenos Aires , Argentina , the SADF launched ground assaults by Special Forces against ANC targets in Zimbabwe and Botswana . Simultaneously SAAF jets struck ANC targets in Zambia . It was reputed that President PW Botha ordered the raids to make it impossible for the Commonwealth's Eminent Persons Group to continue with its political survey of South Africa . This resulted in the EPG packing their bags and leaving. But they weren't the only ones who had to pack their bags. Unfortunately for the author, Argentina decided to break diplomatic relations with South Africa over the incidents. He was declared persona non grata and expelled from the country.
In early 90s the political situation began to normalise after President FW de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and other organisations. During this period the author travelled widely in Latin America establishing and normalising South Africa 's relations. He also accompanied President de Klerk on state visits to various Latin American countries where they were welcomed with open arms - including Argentina which had expelled the author only a few short years before!
In 1994 President FW de Klerk appointed the author as South Africa 's first Ambassador to Mexico . While based there, President Nelson Mandela appointed him as non-resident ambassador to Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras and Panama . He also worked extensively elsewhere in Central America .
He retired from the service in 1998.~A Diplomat%27s Story Apartheid and Beyond%3A 1969-1998 by Pieter Wolvaardt|X ISBN 1919854150|~4796~11085~South African Foreign Affairs,~
A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State - Col. Eugene de Kock as told to Jeremy Gordin~On 30 April 1993 Colonel Eugene de Kock was discharged from the South African Police ahead of further investigations into his activities as head of the Security Police's section C1 at the notorious Vlakplaas Farm north of Pretoria. By then the ruling National Party was engaged in a massive damage control exercise. Many officers of the Security Forces as well as De Kock himself were being eyed as possible scapegoats. As it transpired at his trial, De Kock was the government's chief assassin. But De Kock was not an put-of-control policeman, he was an officer acting under orders. In this book he names the men who gave him orders, what they ordered him to do and for what reasons. He lifts the curtain on a heinous period of South African history when the architects of apartheid thought that any means justified their ends. But Colonel Eugene de Kock is not going to lie down and say nothing. This book lays out in great detail the corruption and moral decadence that pervaded the SADF and the Police. There are still many whose crimes against humanity were just as terrible as his own. Now De Kock tells his story: the one that the politicians and the generals had been hoping would never appear.
ISBN 0-620-22198-4 Softback. 332pp; 220 X 149mm; b/w pics.
Publication status: Out of Print.
Scarce - hard to get, collector status. Few second hand copies available.
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~~~4796~12237~A Long Night’s Damage, Colonel Eugene de Kock, Vlakplaas Security Police C1,~
Days of the Generals: The untold story of South Africa’s apartheid era military Generals - Hilton Hamann~What really happened during South Africa’s military involvement in Angola? Did the military leaders always see eye to eye with the politicians or for that matter, with each other?
Was South Africa responsible for the death of Mozambican President Samora Machel? What was the extent of South Africa’s nuclear programme? How did South Africa’s military machine deal with the end of apartheid?
Based on interviews with the former generals of the South African Defence Force, Days of the Generals addresses these and many other fascinating questions. The book looks in detail at South Africa’s intervention in Angola, Namibia and Mozambique. It examines the armed struggle of the ANC and the state’s war against the liberation movements. It investigates chemical and biological warfare, the ‘Third Force’ and other top secret issues.
ISBN 1-86872-340-2 Softback. 242pp; 244 X 172mm; 16pp b/w illustrations~~Days of the Generals|ISBN 1868723402|~4796~1499~~
Elimination Theory: The Secret Covert Networks of Project Coast - T.J. Byron~Under apartheid, South Africa's white minority regime felt threatened from within and outside its borders. The survival of the state was paramount in the minds of politicians and especially the military. Both shared a common belief that the country was at war, a total war which required a total response. To this end, a nuclear program was initiated in 1970 and the arms industry grew to a considerably large size. The leaders of the country decided to include chemical and biological weapons in their extensive arsenal, if only so that the military would have at its disposal a full range of a so-called range of unconventional weapons. The chemical and biological warfare program, code-named "Coast," started in 1981 and officially ended in 1995, but that is still to be seen.
Elimination Theory
is the true story of the author's involvement as an informant/agent for the FBI, South African Intelligence, and the CIA during Project Coast and its networks in both the USA and South Africa.
PubAm 2004. ISBN: 1-4137-2796-4, Softcover, 171 pages,~~Elimination Theory|ISBN 1413727964|~4796~11971~project coast, wouter basson~
Guerrilla Wars in Africa: Lisbon's Conflicts in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea - Al J Venter~
('Cover' on left is not the book, just a picture we have selected pending the official cover design from the publisher)
This is not a definitive history of campaigns in Portugal's former colonies - Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea, but rather one of a military correspondent's own impressions after many visits to the three theatres of conflict in Africa. A well illustrated, major work (140,000+ words) with over 1000 photos from that period.
Release Date: 2010
(ITEM CODE -
GWIA
)~~~4796~12633~~
How South Africa Built Six Atom Bombs: And Then Abandoned its Nuclear Weapons Program - Al J Venter~This is a definitive account of how a maverick government was able to secretly develop and test atom bombs. South Africa - then still dominated by Pretoria's apartheid-orientated regime achieved that objective within six years - or roughly half the time it took Pakistan to test its first nuclear weapon. More salient, it did so with only a fraction of the number of scientists, technicians and specialists involved in other nuclear programs, such as those of India, Pakistan and North Korea: there were never more than a half-dozen nuclear physicists involved in the actual weaponization of the South African bombs. The same analogy holds for the medium range intercontinental missile program that South Africa launched with strong Israeli help. Before it was abruptly terminated by Washington, Pretoria managed to launch at least one of its RSA-3 missiles into the South Indian Ocean landing within a few hundred metres of its designated target. With Israeli involvement - this cooperation that dated back to the early 1970s, even had a plan in the works for a satellite launch. Al Venter argues that if a small country like South Africa could achieve so much - while using limited human resources drawn from its five or six million whites - then it is axiomatic that other countries - or radical political groups - will ultimately be able to do the same. Al-Qaeda has already signalled its intention in a series of web-based nuclear weapons lectures, with examples of this trend. It is also significant that Dr Mohammed AlBaradei, head of Vienna's International Atomic Energy Agency, said in 2007 that it was of grave concern that there were currently more than 30 countries involved in nuclear matters, quite a few of them clandestinely.
ISBN 9780981409849. Ashanti 2008. Softback 238 pages, 85 illustrations, sketches, diagrams, photos, cutaways etc
Currently out of stock/print. An updated version is being printed at the end of this year (2009) and stock expected early 2010.
(BOOK CODE -
HSAB6AB
)~~How South Africa Built Six Atom Bombs|ISBN 9780981409849|~4796~11963~atom bomb~
Midlands - Jonny Steinberg~
Midlands
is a microcosm of the more than a 1 000 white farmers and their families who have been murdered in South Africa since the fall of apartheid in 1994. It brings clarity to a situation that has long been misunderstood. And it is all true.
Winner of the Sunday Times Alan Paton Award. Impressive understanding of the rural problems,and troubles in many parts of Southern Africa. Highlights the frustrations, betrayals and expectations of people today and how they cope with the tensions and murders. Perhaps a turning point in South Africa, where Midlands reaches the half way point in many peoples lives and future? Compulsive reading.
ISBN 1-86842-124-4 Jonathan Ball, 2003Softcover; 259pp; size 222 X 152mm
~~Midlands|ISBN 1868421244|Midlands|GP_1868421244|~4796~1502~~
On South Africa's Secret Service - Riaan Lauschange~This is the story of the ruthless intelligence war conducted by South Africa's National Intelligence Service during the 1980s and 1990s. The author, Riaan Labuschagne, was a senior intelligence officer who operated widely as an undercover field officer. He tells a story of lies and half truths, secrecy and stealth, evasion and denials, deceits and manipulations. It had little to do with the Calvinistic ethics of Christian nationalism that had provided the guidelines for his upbringing as a young Afrikaner.
2002. ISBN 1-919854-08-8 Hardback, 304pp; size 142 X 168mm, lavishly illustrated with colour, b/w and in-text illustrations. ~Galago 2002
ISBN 1-919854-08-8 Hardback; Non fiction. SIZE: 242 X 168mm; lavishly illustrated with colour, b/w pics and maps.
This is the true story of the ruthless intelligence war conducted by the National Intelligence Service during the 1980s and 1990s. The author, Riaan Labuschagne, was a senior intelligence officer.
On 8 October 2002 the South African government tabled the Intelligence Services Bill in parliament in Cape town. It will make it a criminal offence for former intelligence personnel, or members of the media, to disclose any classified information about the Intelligence services.
That makes it likely this be the last book on this subject that will be published in South Africa. Fortunately, its publication will take place before the Bill comes into effect in the new year. (2004)
On South Africa''s Secret Service
reveals for the first time sensational details of South Africa''s ruthless secret intelligence war as conducted by the National Intelligence Service. It is told by Riaan Labuschagne, a man in the maelstrom of events during the 1980s and 1990s.
In 1981, while still a university student, he was persuaded to take diving parties to the Seychelles during vacations to collect 'routine low grade intelligence on the islands to build up the Service's information bank'. He wasn''t told that the intelligence was required in connection with a pending coup attempt by mercenaries that NIS was supporting. While he was there the coup attempt exploded into action and he was fortunate to escape.
After the conclusion of his university studies and two year's national service as a naval officer, he was accepted into the Service's Counter-Intelligence Division as an undercover field operative.
The Personnel records showed him as Riaan Lesage, which allowed him to work openly under his real name. He found he had entered a world of lies and half truths, secrecy and stealth, evasion and denials, deceits and manipulations. It had little to do with the Calvinistic ethics of Christian nationalism that had provided the guidelines for his upbringing as a young Afrikaner.
He recruited the Soviet Military Attachéé in Gaborone, Botswana, and gained valuable intelligence that allowed the SADF to pre-empt and defeat a major Soviet-supported attack on UNITA in Angola.
He subverted the Libyan Military Attachéé in Gaborone -- a married man with an eye for the girls. The Libyan was corrupted and turned by using a ''honey trap'' in the form of a well-known South African television actress.
While Assistant Trade Representative (the cover used by intelligence agents) at South Africa''s Trade Mission in Harare, he recruited a top MK officer as an agent. The regular flow of information gained ensured that most MK groups who attempted to infiltrate South Africa were intercepted and shot.
Information from a top agent in Zimbabwe''s Central Intelligence Organisation foiled a MK plan to launch attacks against the Swartkoppies and Waterkloof Air Force bases in Pretoria and resulted in the arrest of the culprits.
He explains how in the early 1990s, in the guise of an Afrikaner liberal, he infiltrated the top structures of the ANC in Durban and made friendships with men who later became cabinet ministers. The ANC''s offices were not safe either, and his NIS teams equipped with portable copiers covertly broke into them almost weekly and duplicated every document they could lay their hands on.
He reveals, also for the first time, the existence of the sinister and deep cover Directorate K (for covert), formed by the NIS in much the same way as the SADF formed the notorious CCB. While the NIS did not possess 'executive powers' (a euphemism for a licence to kill), Directorate K probably did.
He tells how Directorate K, acting as an agent provocateur, supplied explosives to AZAPO's military wing, AZANLA, to blow up civilian targets in Port Elizabeth. The reason was to arouse the ire of white Afrikaner right wingers to provoke them into attacking black civilians. It would have provided an excuse to crush them and prevent a much feared attempt by the Afrikaner right wing to seize control of South Africa to stop a ANC takeover in the April 1994 elections.
There is far more than that in this fascinating book.~On South Africa%27s Secret Service|X ISBN 1919854088|~4796~1505~South Africa national secret service intelligence war,~
Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme - Chandré Gould and Peter Folb~This publication explains how the apartheid government in South Africa, in great secrecy within the heart of the military establishment, put together a determined chemical and biological weapons programme aimed at poisoning people within and outside South Africa. The book contains information on the following details concerning ‘Project Coast’: it explains how the apartheid regime planned the deliberate use of chemical and biological agents on people, how the government acquired knowledge and materials to develop these weapons, and how corruption within the programme led to it’s eventual downfall. This book also includes details of the biological and chemical warfare programme used during the bush war in Rhodesia. This book provides a major contribution to the ongoing fight against the spread of biological and chemical weapons in the world today.
UN Publications. ISBN13: 9789290451440, 2003. Softback 312 pages. Charts and tables.~~Project Coast|ISBN13 9789290451440|~4796~11925~chemical and biological weapons, project coast~
Really Inside BOSS: A Tale of South Africa's late Intelligence Service (And Something about the CIA) - PC Swanepoel~Petrus Cornelius "Piet" Swanepoel was transferred to the Special Branch of the South African Police in January 1952. He was to spend the next 32 years as a full time member of South Africa's Security and intelligence Services (BOSS). He describes the origins of the Service, the mystery surrounding the financing of the first attempts to launch an armed struggle against the National Party government, the controversial accounts of the Smit murders and the assassination of Dr Verwoerd, the role played by the CIA in the battle against apartheid and numerous other subjects.
"
This book is a welcome addition to the literature on the murky battle between security agents and liberation movements. For far too long the allegations against BOSS and its successor have been uncritically accepted. For the first time we have someone from the inside of BOSS telling his story from his side's perspective.
" - Hermann Giliomee:
The Afrikaners: Biography of a People
, University of Virginia Press, 2003
ISBN 9780620382724. 2nd Edition April 2008. Softback, A5, 284 pages.~JD Publishing (Private publication)
ISBN 9780620382724.
2nd Edition April 2008.
Softback, A5, 284 pages.
Book's Foreward
This book was initially conceived of as nothing else but a commentary on James Sanders'
Apartheid's Friends - The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Service,
which appeared in 2006. Its name was suggested by
Inside Boss
, a book written 25 years earlier and copiously made use of by Sanders. For one reason or another the commentary seemed to end up as something else.
I felt called upon to undertake this task, having served in the National Intelligence Service and its predecessors for more than 34 years. My colleagues and I never considered ourselves "Apartheid's Friends". Most of us were opposed to "petty apartheid". We tried to be apolitical and objective. It is true that I saw merit in what came to be called "grand apartheid", the ideal of a Federation of Southern African States, in which my own people, the Afrikaners, would control their own (albeit a small) portion or portions of the country. I even propounded, in print in 1965, the creation of a homeland for whites. Later I was to replace "whites" with "Afrikaners", defined as "Afrikaans-speaking people, irrespective of their race, colour or creed". (This switch to a more inclusive world-view occurred before I discovered that I was a descendant of Eva Krokoa, the Khoekoen (or Hottentot or Khoikhoi) girl, who grew up, (circa 1655) in Jan Van Riebeeck's house in Cape Town!
In a sense this book also sets out to highlight the role played covertly against the previous South African government by Western, as against communist forces. Curiously enough, there appears to be a reluctance on the part of British and American commentators to deal with this issue.
The book is not a literary work. English is not the writer's first language. The reason why it was written in English, was to enable the James Sanders of this world to read it. Numerous and often lengthy verbatim quotations are included. The sources are identified in the script and not in footnotes. There are other limitations as well: no Afrikaner-bashing; no James Bond anecdotes; no sex!
A Reader's Review
I have just completed reading a book titled "Really inside BOSS - A tale of South Africa's late Intelligence Service (And something about the CIA)". Self-published by Pieter Swanepoel, the book provides a brief history of the Bureau for State Security, (BFSS) or BOSS as it came to be known, and its successor, the National Intelligence (NI).
Although English is not Swanepoel's first language, he has done a good job in describing, amongst others, the origins of the service, the Smit murders, the assassination of Dr Verwoerd and the role played by the CIA in destabilising the National Party government. He also covers some of the difficulties and frustrations an intelligence officer experiences in the course of his duties. He even relates particulars of a "dirty trick" perpetrated by himself in Namibia in the 1960's.
The main purpose of the book was to discuss some of the allegations made by BOSS informer, Gordon Winter, after he fled South Africa and published a book called "
Inside BOSS
" in 1981. The acclaimed British historian, Dr. James Sanders, referred to a number of these allegations in his book about South Africa's intelligence services,
Apartheid's Friends
, and this apparently annoyed Swanepoel and led him to provide another view of these events. Although I have not read Winter's book, I would be prone to accepting Swanepoel's version as he cross-references to many documents to prove his writing. Additionally, he spent 32-years in that organisation so he knows what he is writing about. In a recent copy of the magazine,
Molotov Cocktail,
Dr. Sanders described
Really Inside Boss
as "a fascinating book" and promised to return to it in a later edition of that magazine.
Readers ought however to take note: the book does not cover intelligence tradecraft and can be heavy reading at times. It nevertheless remains an important account on the history of BOSS.
- Eeben Barlow. Eeben Barlow's Military and Security Blog.~Really Inside BOSS|ISBN 9780620382724|~4796~12413~~
Secrets and Lies: Wouter Basson and South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme - Chandre Gould & Marlene Burger~The trial of Dr Wouter Basson, the head of apartheid South Africa's chemical and biological warfare (CBW) programme, generated intense interest both inside South Africa and in the wider world. Basson joined the Army after completing a doctorate in chemistry, and was rapidly promoted through the ranks. He travelled around the world as a spy, on both sides of the Iron Curtain, using fake identities - and often fake marriages - as a front. Back in South Africa, Basson headed Project Coast, the state's CBW programme, during which time he was allegedly involved in poisonings, developing drugs to placate the state's opponents, and simple, brutal murder. Basson was initially arrested for possessing Ecstasy tablets, and was then investigated by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which led to a criminal trial. This book is written by a chief TRC investigator and a journalist who followed every day of the case.
ISBN: 1868723410 2002. Softcover; 304pp~~Secrets and Lies|ISBN 1868723410|~4796~12363~Wouter Basson, apartheid South Africa chemical and biological programme,~
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